Issue 006

The complete comparison 60 sources cited 10 oils · 18 metrics 22 min read 2026 · May

Every oil.
Every metric.
The honest scorecard.

Ten cooking oils. Eighteen dimensions. Composition, smoke point, fry-life, oxidative stability, carbon footprint, water, land use, deforestation, biodiversity, rural employment, price — every number sourced to peer-reviewed studies or to a third-party lab. Including the metrics where palm loses.

Oils compared

Our HOPO, regular palm olein, EVOO, avocado, canola, HO sunflower, regular sunflower, soybean, coconut, peanut.

Metrics measured

Composition (5), performance (3), sustainability (7), economics (3). Lab-verified, LCA-modelled, or peer-reviewed band.

Sources cited

Codex Alimentarius, FAO, USDA, IOC, RSPO, PLOS ONE, Circulation, BMJ, Mongabay, UC Davis, Fedepalma·Cenipalma LCA.

Honesty rule

Where we lose on a metric, we show the metric. The wins read truer when the losses are on the record.

· The headline scorecard

−851

kg CO₂eq/t (LCA)

Peer-reviewed Fedepalma + Cenipalma 2021

100%

Deforestation-free

Satelligence EUDR cert. 833 plots, March 2025

58%

MUFA (oleic)

Intertek 2024, AOCS CE 1-62 (n=2)

300+

Frying cycles

Fedepalma 2025 continuous-cycle trial

Navigate this article · 9 sections

01 Methodology 02 The lineup 03 Performance 04 Composition 05 Sustainability 05d Deforestation 06 Economics 07 Scorecard 08 Verdict

There is no perfect cooking oil. There is only the oil whose tradeoffs you can defend with data. That is the operating premise of this article — and the reason we’ve built the most comprehensive cooking-oil comparison we’ve been able to find anywhere on the public internet.

We measured ten oils across eighteen dimensions. Fatty acid composition, smoke point, oxidative stability (Rancimat), fry-life (continuous-cycle), yield per hectare, water footprint, carbon footprint (life-cycle), deforestation exposure, biodiversity impact, rural employment, global production, spot price, and supply concentration. Every cell in every table cites the underlying source. Where the number is lab-verified, we say so. Where it’s LCA-modelled, we say so. Where it’s a peer-reviewed band rather than a single value, we publish the band.

This is a long read. We split it into a hero scorecard (Section 8) for buyers who want the verdict first, then the underlying data — oil-by-oil and metric-by-metric — for anyone who wants to verify it.

We’ll tell you up front: The Oil does not win every metric. Coconut beats us on Rancimat single-criterion (it’s 90% saturated). High-oleic sunflower beats us on oleic percentage. EVOO beats us on saturated-fat profile and finishing-oil flavor. Canola beats us on omega-3. We’ll show those losses in the same charts where we show the wins — carbon-negative LCA, 17× the land-use efficiency of soybean, 300+ frying cycles, top-3 Rancimat at 27 hours, and Colombian Llanos origin on previously grazed pasture — not cleared rainforest.

Read it the way you’d read a procurement spec sheet, not a brochure. Verify any number against the citation block at the bottom. Tell us where we got it wrong.

01 · The lineup

Ten oils. On the table.

A composition + origin + caveat card for each of the ten oils in the comparison. Composition values are conservative midpoints within published Codex Alimentarius or peer-reviewed bands; the full ranges appear in the metric sections below.

The Oil

High-oleic palm olein · OxG hybrid

58%

Oleic

11.5%

PUFA

420°F+

Smoke pt

Colombian Llanos · Herrera family

Lab-verified by Intertek (n=2 batches, 2024). Carbon-negative LCA (−851 kgCO₂eq/t). Inside a category with a real SE Asian deforestation problem we have to keep disclosing.

Palm olein

Standard E. guineensis

41%

Oleic

11%

PUFA

437°F

Smoke pt

Indonesia 58% · Malaysia 25%

Only 20% of global supply is RSPO-certified. The other 80% is the category’s deforestation reputation.

EVOO

Extra-virgin olive oil

73%

Oleic

10%

PUFA

375°F

Smoke pt

Spain 45% · Italy 15% · Greece 11%

14,500 L water per L oil — 3× palm’s footprint. Brilliant finishing oil, fragile global supply.

Avocado

Cold-press / refined

65%

Oleic

13%

PUFA

480°F

Smoke pt

Mexico 30% · Peru, DR, Colombia

82% of US retail samples failed UC Davis purity audits. The category is a supply-chain failure, not a chemistry one.

Canola

Low-erucic rapeseed

61%

Oleic

29%

PUFA

400°F

Smoke pt

Canada 28% · EU 24% · China 21%

Best on-paper FA profile of any seed oil. ~90% is GMO and hexane-extracted. High ALA degrades fast under frying.

HO sunflower

High-oleic varietal

82%

Oleic

PUFA

471°F

Smoke pt

Ukraine, Russia, EU, Argentina

the closest chemical analog to ours. Loses on yield per hectare (5× worse) and Black Sea war-disrupted supply.

Sunflower

Standard high-linoleic

22%

Oleic

65%

PUFA

440°F

Smoke pt

Ukraine, Russia, EU

The highest-omega-6 mass-market oil. Rancimat among the worst of any common oil. Sold as a fryer; behaves as a finisher.

Soybean

Refined, mostly GMO

23%

Oleic

61%

PUFA

450°F

Smoke pt

USA 35% · Brazil 33% · Argentina 15%

The leading driver of Cerrado deforestation. ~95% GMO + hexane-extracted. THE oil palm gets blamed for.

Coconut

Virgin or RBD

Oleic

PUFA

400°F

Smoke pt

Philippines 30% · Indonesia 25%

90% saturated fat — the highest of any common oil. The 2015–2020 health-halo was PR, not meta-analytic.

Peanut

Refined groundnut

48%

Oleic

32%

PUFA

450°F

Smoke pt

China 40% · India 25% · Nigeria

Highest carbon footprint per kg of any common oil (7.5 kg CO₂e). Not in the climate conversation because not in the marketing budget.

03 · Performance

Heat, oxidation, fry-life. The Oil wins the metric that matters in a fryer.

The three numbers a foodservice operator actually cares about: how hot the oil can go before it breaks down (smoke point), how long it can sit on a shelf or in an inert atmosphere before it oxidizes (Rancimat OSI), and how many continuous frying cycles it can run before it crosses the regulatory polar-compounds discard threshold (fry-life). The Oil wins decisively on fry-life — the only one of the three that determines actual cost-per-cycle in production.

Smoke point ladder

Smoke point — refined oils, °F (higher = safer for high-heat applications)

Avocado (refined)

480

HO sunflower

471

Soybean

450

Peanut

450

The Oil

440

Sunflower (linoleic)

440

Palm olein (std)

437

Coconut (refined)

400

Canola (refined)

400

EVOO

375

Bar lengths normalized to a 480 °F maximum. The Oil's published spec minimum 420 °F (NTC 5478:2007); 440 °F is the conservative measured midpoint. Sources: Tarmizi & Lin JAOCS 2008; De Alzaa et al. 2018; Codex Alimentarius CXS 210-1999; Del Llano TDS.³¹⁵²

Oxidative stability (Rancimat OSI, 110 °C)

Rancimat OSI — hours at 110 °C until induction (higher = more shelf-stable)

Coconut

The Oil

Palm olein (std)

HO sunflower

EVOO

Peanut

Avocado

Canola

Sunflower (linoleic)

Soybean

0 h9 h18 h27 h36 h

The Oil's value: 27 h, operational figure from Del Llano's HOPO. Top 3 in the comparison — second only to coconut (90% saturated). Sources: Tarmizi JAOCS 2008; Aladedunye & Przybylski 2009; Frontiers in Nutrition 2024.³¹⁷¹⁶

Where we land

Top 3 on Rancimat. Top tier on fry-cycle.

On single-metric oxidative stability, coconut oil — because it’s ~90% saturated and has almost no double bonds to attack — leads the comparison. The Oil’s HOPO sits at 27 hours, second only to coconut and ahead of every other liquid oil tested, including standard palm olein and HO sunflower. The Rancimat hours tell one story; the Fedepalma 2025 continuous-cycle fryer trial tells the corroborating one — HOPO cleared 300+ cycles alongside HO sunflower and palm olein, while soybean, canola and linoleic sunflower failed at 95–147 cycles.

Fry-life under continuous frying (Fedepalma 2025 trial, 175 °C)

Cycles to discard threshold — CPT > 25% (EU/US regulatory limit)

The Oil

300+

The Oil · second batch

300+

HO sunflower

300+

Canola

~147

Soybean / HOPO blend

~134

Sunflower (linoleic)

~107

Soybean / palm blend

~95

Cycle at which total polar compounds (CPT) crossed the 25% EU/US discard threshold. Pre-fried 9×9 mm potato chips, 175 °C, 7 min cycle, 2 min rest, 12:1 oil:potato ratio, TBHQ-standardized 150 ppm. Source: Albarracín, Cuéllar et al., Fedepalma + U. de Caldas, 2025.³⁰ Full methods in Issue 001.

PUFA share — the metric that drives fry degradation

Polyunsaturated fatty-acid share (% of total FA, lower = more frying-stable)

Sunflower (linoleic)

65%

Soybean

61%

Peanut

32%

Canola

29%

Palm olein (std)

14%

Avocado

13%

The Oil

11.3%

EVOO

10%

HO sunflower

Coconut

The Oil's HOPO carries lower PUFA than standard palm olein — that’s the entire point of the OxG hybrid. Standard E. guineensis palm olein runs 13–15% linoleic per Codex CXS 33-1981; The Oil’s OxG sits at 11.3% (Intertek 2024 lab-verified). Sources: Codex Alimentarius CXS 210-1999 & CXS 33-1981;² Mozzon et al. Food Chemistry 2013;¹ IOC standard (EVOO); Del Llano TDS (HOPO 10.2–12.6% lab-verified).

04 · Composition

Fatty acid composition.

The four fatty-acid donuts that frame most of the cooking-oil debate. We’ve picked The Oil, EVOO, canola, and coconut because they bracket the spectrum — from highest-MUFA (EVOO at 73% oleic) to highest-SFA (coconut at 90%), and from lowest-PUFA (coconut, 2%) to highest-ALA (canola, 9%).

The Oil

MUFA (oleic)58%

SFA30%

PUFA11.5%

EVOO

MUFA73%

PUFA13%

SFA14%

Canola

MUFA61%

PUFA29%

SFA7%

Coconut

SFA90%

MUFA6%

PUFA2%

The Oil sits between EVOO and standard palm olein on the MUFA spectrum. Two independent batches sampled in June and August 2024 and analysed by Intertek Colombia (AOCS CE 1-62 method) returned the same numbers within decimals: oleic 57.79% and 57.89%; PUFA 11.53% and 11.44%; saturated 30.14% and 30.12%.⁵⁵ That anchors the headline composition at 58% oleic / 11.5% PUFA / 30% saturated, with palmitic at 26.81% and linolenic (omega-3) at 0.19% in both batches. The wider published Del Llano TDS band (53–60% oleic, 10.2–12.6% PUFA) covers normal harvest variation;⁵² the Intertek two-batch lab data is the present-state anchor. A separate Intertek COA on kosher lot 030903-2026 returned an iodine value of 68.13 — consistent with the high-oleic spec — and a peroxide value of 0.86 against the 1.0 spec maximum.⁵³

Where The Oil loses on composition

HO sunflower is higher-MUFA: ~82% oleic against The Oil’s 58%. If your single procurement criterion is oleic-percentage, HO sunflower wins. Canola is lower-saturated: ~7% against The Oil’s 30%. If your single procurement criterion is saturated-fat percentage, canola wins. Coconut is the lowest-PUFA (most fry-stable) liquid oil on the market. If your single procurement criterion is oxidative stability, coconut wins.

Where The Oil wins on composition is the combination: substantially higher oleic than standard palm or seed oils, substantially lower saturated than coconut or standard palm, and the lowest PUFA of any of the moderate-MUFA oils (lower than canola, EVOO, peanut, soybean and sunflower). That’s the chemistry argument; the procurement argument adds extraction method (mechanical pressing, no hexane), non-GMO origin, and traceable single-source — covered in the sourcing section below.

Aerial view of Llanos Orientales palm plantation

05 · Sustainability

Land. Water. Carbon. Forest.

The hardest section to publish honestly — because palm sits inside a category with a real deforestation problem in Southeast Asia, and most consumers can’t tell the difference between Indonesian rainforest palm and Colombian Llanos palm. We’re going to show you both. With numbers, not slogans.

5a · Land footprint per tonne of oil

The single most underappreciated sustainability fact in cooking oils: palm produces about 8× more oil per hectare than soybean. Palm is roughly 4% of total global oilseed cropland and produces 38% of the world’s vegetable oil. The chart below uses the SI unit standard to peer-reviewed life-cycle assessments — hectares of arable land required to produce one tonne of refined oil.

Land per tonne of oil — drawn at scale

Each square’s area equals the hectares needed to produce one tonne of that oil. Smaller is better. The Oil’s square is what 0.13 ha looks like next to soybean’s 2.2 ha.

The Oil

0.13

ha/t

Palm avg

0.25

ha/t

HO sunflower

0.91

ha/t

Sunflower (std)

1.0

ha/t

Coconut

1.3

ha/t

Canola

1.3

ha/t

Soybean

2.2

ha/t

Peanut

2.2

ha/t

EVOO

2.4

ha/t

Avocado

2.4

ha/t

The Oil Palm category sibling Respected premium / specialty Direct comparison foil

Unit: hectares of arable land required to produce one tonne of refined oil (ha/t). Square side = √(hectares / 0.13) × 30 px — so visual area scales linearly with hectare value. The Oil’s value derived from Hacienda La Cabaña / Guaicaramo OxG hybrid productivity (34 t FFB·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹ → 7.5 t oil·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹). Comparator values derived from FAO Statistical Pocketbook 2024 and peer-reviewed yield datasets.¹⁹³⁵¹⁸

17×

vs soybean

The Oil requires 1/17th the land per tonne of refined oil compared with soybean.

18×

vs avocado

Avocado’s low oil-per-fruit yield drives a land footprint roughly 18× higher than The Oil per tonne of oil.

9×

vs EVOO

Olive groves require roughly 9× more land than OxG palm to deliver one tonne of finished oil.

“If every litre of palm oil were replaced with soybean oil tomorrow, the world would need to clear roughly 17× more agricultural land to make up the difference.”The yield math nobody puts on the bottle

Reader aid · football-field analogy (non-specialist)

For readers more comfortable with everyday units: one regulation soccer/football pitch is about 0.7 ha. One tonne of The Oil therefore needs about one-fifth of a pitch; one tonne of soybean oil needs roughly three pitches; one tonne of avocado or olive oil needs roughly three-and-a-half pitches. This is a visual aid only — the SI chart above is the load-bearing comparison.

5b · Water footprint per liter of oil

The metric most consumers expect olive oil to win, and where the data turns out the other way. Water-footprint figures here come from Mekonnen & Hoekstra’s 2011 global assessment — the standard reference.⁷

Water footprint — m³ water per t oil (lower = better)

EVOO

14,500

Peanut

7,500

Sunflower (linoleic)

6,800

HO sunflower

6,800

The Oil

5,000

Palm olein (std)

5,000

Coconut

4,500

Soybean

4,200

Canola

4,300

Total water footprint (green + blue + grey) per tonne of refined oil. Avocado fruit at ~2,000 m³/t fruit translates to roughly 13,000 m³/t oil after extraction. Source: Mekonnen & Hoekstra, UNESCO-IHE 2011.⁷

EVOO’s 14,500 m³ per tonne is roughly three times palm’s footprint. The Mediterranean’s irrigation-dependent grove system — especially the super-intensive Spanish format that now dominates new plantings — is water-intense even before you count the 2024 drought that drove EVOO spot prices to a historic ~$10,000/t. Palm grown in the Colombian Llanos benefits from 2,000–3,000 mm of natural annual rainfall and runs rain-fed, with no irrigation infrastructure.³⁷

5c · Carbon footprint — the centerpiece chart

The number we’ve been waiting six sections to publish. Per the Fedepalma + Cenipalma 2021 LCA of Guaicaramo — methodology ISO 14067, IPCC 2006 guidelines, Ecoinvent database, ICONTEC-certified Ecopalma tool — The Oil's parent operation produces oil with a net −851 kgCO₂eq per tonne of crude palm oil. Negative. Net sequestration.⁵¹

Carbon footprint per tonne of oil — kg CO₂eq / t (lower = better; negative = net sink)

The Oil

−851

Colombian palm avg

+182

Coconut

+2,000

Canola

+2,500

EVOO

+2,600

HO sunflower

+3,600

Palm (global avg)

+4,850

Soybean (w/ LUC)

+4,250

Peanut

+7,500

−1,500 0 +1,000 +2,000 +3,000

The Oil's value: peer-reviewed Fedepalma + Cenipalma 2021 LCA (ISO 14067, IPCC 2006).⁵¹ Soybean, EVOO, canola, sunflower, palm and peanut values: Schmidt J Cleaner Prod 2015,⁸ MDPI Biomass 2024 meta-analysis,²⁷ Salomone & Ioppolo 2012 (EVOO).²⁸ Coconut: limited peer-reviewed data, estimate from smallholder Philippines/Indonesia LCAs. Bars beyond +3,000 are visually capped; numeric values shown to the right.

“The Oil is the only mainstream cooking oil with a peer-reviewed net-negative carbon footprint we’ve been able to find in the public LCA literature.”Fedepalma + Cenipalma LCA, 2021

Why it’s negative. The 2021 LCA reports cultivation + mill emissions of about +615 kgCO₂eq/t (nitrogen fertilizers and N₂O are 96% of the total — the mill is essentially fossil-fuel-free, see Section 5g). The on-site land-use-change sequestration is about −1,467 kgCO₂eq/t, because when oil palm replaces low-density vegetation (grassland, degraded pasture, prior pasture-converted land), the new plantation stores more carbon than the previous land cover did. That sequestration outweighs the emissions and the math comes out negative.

This is the deforestation rebuttal in a single sentence: Colombian Llanos palm on former cattle pasture and degraded grasslands is carbon negative because it increases on-site carbon storage. SE Asian palm on rainforest or peat is carbon positive because it decreases it. Same crop. Opposite ecological outcomes. The crop didn’t change — the land that’s under it did.

05d · Deforestation

Yes — palm has a deforestation problem. Here is where it isn’t.

Independently certified 100% deforestation-free across 833 monitored plots since the EUDR cutoff date of January 1, 2021 (Satelligence, March 2025). Most readers come to a palm-oil page with a default assumption: palm = rainforest clearing. That default is correct for the SE Asian majority of the category and wrong for the Colombian Llanos minority The Oil is sourced from. Both halves of that sentence matter.

EUDR Satelligence certificate · March 2025 · verdict: 100% deforestation-free

833

Plots monitored

0 ha

Deforested inside plots

Protected area overlap

Indigenous territory overlap

Issued by Satelligence — the third-party satellite-monitoring company EU buyers use for EUDR compliance. Methodology: FAO forest definitions, EUDR reference date 2021-01-01. 712 of the 833 plots sit within 500 m of standing forest — Del Llano operations live next to intact habitat, not in cleared landscapes. That is a conservation positive, on the record.⁶⁰

SE Asia · the problem

Palm on rainforest & peat.

Indonesia and Malaysia together account for ~83% of global palm production. Indonesia cleared roughly 30,000 ha of forest for palm in 2023 — up from 22,000 ha in 2022, reversing a decade-long decline. Of that 2023 figure, roughly 10,800 ha was on carbon-rich peatland.¹⁰¹¹

Global palm production (2024/25)79.8 Mt
RSPO-certified share, 202420.1%
Indonesia palm-driven deforestation 202330,000 ha
2023 peatland conversion (Indonesia)10,787 ha
Plantation biodiversity vs primary forest−85%

Colombian Llanos · Our origin

Palm on former cattle pasture & degraded grasslands.

Between 2007 and 2020, 67% of new palm in the Colombian Llanos Orientales replaced grasslands (25%) and degraded cattle pastures (20%), plus a further 47% that was already palm in 2007. Secondary forest displacement: 4.84%. Primary forest displacement: zero. The honest disclosure: that 4.84% secondary-forest figure is real, in the data, and stays in the data.

Already palm in 200747.4%
Replaced grasslands24.9%
Replaced cattle pastures19.8%
Replaced secondary forest4.84%
Replaced primary forest0%

“Most SE Asian palm sits in cleared landscapes with little adjacent forest left to flag. We’re flagged because there is forest near us to monitor.”Reading the Satelligence flag · 712 plots adjacent to standing forest

For comparison: soy has destroyed roughly half of Brazil’s Cerrado — a biome more biodiverse than the Amazon — and is a major driver of Amazon clearing as well. Cattle and soy together account for the vast majority of LATAM deforestation. Palm, in absolute area terms, is a fraction of those numbers. That is not a defense of all palm; it is the reason the “palm = rainforest” default needs to be replaced with a more precise question: which palm, from where, on what land that was previously what?²³²⁴

Colombia-specific evidence · the peer-reviewed record

Five facts that make the Colombian Llanos case ironclad.

69.5%growth

0% deforestation, 1989–2013

Vijay et al., PLOS ONE 2016. The Colombian palm industry expanded 69.5% over a 24-year window with zero net deforestation attributable to the crop.²⁵

0.4%

Palm share of Colombia’s deforestation

IDEAM/SMByC baseline 2011–2017 covered >90% of Colombian palm area (554,252 ha analysed). Palm + associated infrastructure accounted for 4,455 ha out of 1,108,386 ha total national deforestation.⁵⁶

4 dept.

Where palm deforestation occurs

Santander, Bolívar, Norte de Santander, Nariño. Del Llano operates in Meta — not on the deforestation-department list.⁵⁶

2017

Zero-deforestation agreement

Signed November 2017 by Fedepalma + Ministries of Environment, Agriculture, and Industry, under auspices of Germany, Norway, and the UK, facilitated by Tropical Forest Alliance. Covers 18 palm cores and 33% of Colombian palm oil production as of 2020.⁵⁷

32.5Mha

Pasture / unutilized grassland available without touching forests

UPRA 2018 land-suitability inventory: Colombia has 5.2M ha highly suitable + 10.8M ha medium-suitable for palm and currently uses only 537,176 ha (1.3% of the agricultural frontier). Most of the legal expansion runway is degraded pasture in the Orinoco basin — where Del Llano operates.⁵⁸

The IUCN’s own 2018 statement frames it the same way: Colombian palm development is not comparable to Indonesia or Malaysia (which together supply ~85% of world palm), and the environmental impact in Colombia is qualitatively different. That is the peer-reviewed and trade-body record, on the table, beside the SE Asian numbers we just published. Both halves matter.

Geography · the deforestation departments vs ours

The palm-deforestation departments are not where we grow.

4 palm-deforestation departments Del Llano — Meta department

The IDEAM/SMByC palm-deforestation baseline isolated four departments that concentrate Colombia’s palm-associated forest loss: Santander, Bolívar, Norte de Santander, and Nariño. Each is in the country’s northern, Caribbean, or Pacific-southwest regions — areas where palm expansion has, in some plots, touched secondary forest.

Del Llano operates in Meta — the eastern Llanos Orientales basin. Meta is not on the deforestation-department list. The Llanos are the previously-grazed and degraded-grassland part of Colombia’s palm geography — the part where palm replaces cattle pasture, not forest.

Per IDEAM/SMByC 2020 baseline (554,252 ha analysed, >90% of Colombian palm area). The departments where Colombian palm deforestation occurs are not where Del Llano grows. Map is stylized for clarity, not topographic.⁵⁶

5e · Biodiversity — the honest disclosure and the formal baseline

If we’re publishing the carbon win, we have to publish the biodiversity loss alongside it. Pardo et al. 2018 (PLOS ONE) measured terrestrial mammal communities at oil-palm sites and adjacent riparian forest in the Colombian Llanos. Site-level mammal species richness was 47% lower in palm plantations than in adjacent riparian forest.¹² That number is in the data. It belongs in the article.

The honest framing has two halves. The first half is Pardo. The second half is what is actually documented on the land Del Llano operates today. Between 2019 and 2025, the independent biodiversity consultancy BioD ran formal multi-year vertebrate baseline surveys across Del Llano operations, using sightings plus camera-trap (fototrampeo) and species-accumulation rarefaction curves.⁵⁴ The results below are not casual sightings — they are formal taxonomic surveys with longitudinal abundance curves and published methodology.

150+

Species documented

840

Fauna reports

9 IUCN

Threatened / near-threatened

2019–25

Multi-year baseline

Photography from Del Llano operations · BioD vertebrate baseline, 2019–2025.

150+

Vertebrate species

89 birds, 35 mammals, 27 reptiles & amphibians documented across Del Llano operations, 2019–2025.

840

Fauna reports

Compiled across the study window. 57% direct sightings, 43% camera-trap (fototrampeo) captures.

IUCN threatened or near-threatened

Six Vulnerable (VU) plus three Near Threatened (NT) species formally documented across Del Llano operations.

The 9 IUCN-listed species documented across Del Llano operations

VU · Vulnerable

Brumback’s night monkey

Aotus brumbacki

VU · Vulnerable

Red-footed tortoise

Chelonoidis carbonarius

VU · Vulnerable

Giant anteater

Myrmecophaga tridactyla

VU · Vulnerable

Yellow-spotted river turtle

Podocnemis unifilis

VU · Vulnerable

White-throated toucan

Ramphastos tucanus

VU · Vulnerable

Lowland tapir

Tapirus terrestris

NT · Near Threatened · Llanos endemic

Llanos long-nosed armadillo

Dasypus sabanicola

NT · Near Threatened

Neotropical river otter

Lontra longicaudis

NT · Near Threatened

Llanos side-necked turtle

Podocnemis vogli

“A working OxG landscape continues to host nine IUCN species — including South America’s largest land mammal — and the realistic alternative land use is mechanized cattle ranching, which performs worse on the same metric.”The biodiversity argument, with both halves on the table

What can be said honestly with both halves on the table: Pardo’s finding stands — oil palm reduces mammal richness relative to native riparian forest. And the BioD baseline documents that a working OxG landscape continues to host nine IUCN species including South America’s largest land mammal (the lowland tapir) and the giant anteater. OxG plantations have a taller canopy and lower-density planting than monoculture E. guineensis, which makes them more permeable to wildlife than the Asian-style plantation, and the realistic counterfactual land use in this region — mechanized cattle ranching — has worse documented mammal-richness outcomes than palm. The biodiversity story is not “palm is good for wildlife.” It is: here is what is actually on the land, surveyed by an independent third party, with the loss-relative-to-native-forest disclosed alongside.

5f · Rural employment per 100 ha

The labour ratio is the single most under-discussed dimension of the cooking-oil debate. Direct jobs per 100 ha of cultivated area — not absolute headcount — is the unit that lets a procurement buyer compare a smallholder coconut grove to a mechanized Cerrado soybean operation on the same axis. The World Bank’s 2011 cross-country analysis quantified the gap: oil palm generates roughly 30× more direct jobs per unit area than mechanized commodity row crops.²²

Direct jobs per 100 ha cultivated · each ● = one direct job

Coconut (smallholder)

~35

Avocado (Mexico)

~25

Peanut (smallholder)

~18

Del Llano operations ~1 direct job / 7–8 ha

~13

EVOO (mixed)

~12

Colombian palm sector avg

Palm olein (SE Asia)

Sunflower (mech.)

Canola (mech.)

~1.5

Soybean (US/Arg. mech.)

<0.5

Each icon = 1 direct job per 100 ha. Del Llano operations ratio derived from approximate density of one direct employee per 7–8 ha across Hacienda La Cabaña + Guaicaramo — absolute headcount and total hectarage withheld for competitive and security reasons. Sources: Fedepalma + DANE 2016;²² World Bank 2011;²² Mongabay 2023;³³ OCL 2026.³¹

Del Llano’s operations sit at roughly 13 direct jobs per 100 ha — about 1.6× the Colombian palm sector average and on the order of 30–65× more labour-intensive than US or Argentinian mechanized soybean at the per-hectare unit. One tonne of soybean oil takes roughly 17× more land than one tonne of The Oil and employs a small fraction of the workforce per hectare. The land-efficiency story and the rural-employment story point in the same direction.

5g · Energy & circularity at the mill

The Guaicaramo mill processed 252,472 tonnes of fresh fruit in 2021 across 6,206 operating hours, producing 57,419 tonnes of crude palm oil. Power source breakdown: biogas captured from the effluent ponds (~41%), biomass cogeneration from press fiber and shell (~38%), and diesel backup (~21%). Grid electricity drawn from the Colombian national grid: 0 kWh.⁵¹

🌳

Field

FFB harvested
21 t/ha (2021 sector), 34 t/ha (current OxG)

⚙

Mill

Crude palm oil extracted (22.7% rate)
plus fiber, shell, EFB biomass

⚡

Energy

Biogas + biomass cogen
0 kWh from grid

🌿

Back to field

100% empty fruit bunches + ashes returned
treated effluent to fertirrigation

99%

Organic load removed

Mill effluent DQO from 70,000 mg/L to 735 mg/L through anaerobic + aerobic treatment.

kWh from grid

Our mill is off-grid. Power comes from biogas + biomass cogeneration + diesel backup.

100%

Biomass reused

Empty fruit bunches, fiber, shell, and ash all go to either energy or back to the field as fertilizer.

Honest call-out · agrochemicals

Glyphosate is used. Not zero. Not organic.

The 2021 LCA records 11,841 kg of glyphosate applied across the cultivated area — roughly 28 g per tonne of fresh fruit bunches. For context, North American corn and soy typically use 50–200 g per tonne of grain of comparable herbicides plus fungicides. Palm uses less agrochemical per tonne of edible output than most row crops, but it is not zero. The Oil is not organic and does not claim to be.⁵¹

5h · The social-dividend operation — Fundación Guaicaramo

The DNP 2015 study on Colombian palm in armed-conflict-history municipalities found household income roughly 30% higher in palm-cultivating municipalities than in non-palm peer municipalities — the “oil palm social dividend.”²² That is the sector statistic. The operation-level version of it is Fundación Guaicaramo: a non-profit foundation founded 12+ years ago, recognised by the Colombian state under the Régimen Tributario Especial, operating across three municipalities in Meta with concentrated activity in Barranca de Upía.⁵⁹

Three investment pillars

Institutional strengthening for territorial development
Education for sustainable development
Productivity, entrepreneurship & innovation

Documented impact areas

Reductions in adolescent pregnancy rates, improvements in primary education quality, and reductions in violence against children and adolescents across the three municipalities served.

Named initiative

Obras por Impuestos

1,650+

Students directly benefited

Francisco Walter Educational Institution: classrooms with new furniture, computers, interactive screens, and trained teachers — financed through the Colombian Tax Works mechanism that lets companies direct part of their corporate tax bill toward verified community infrastructure projects.

What “oil palm social dividend” looks like on the ground — not as a trade-body statistic, but as the actual non-profit that 1,650+ Meta students attend school inside.

06 · Economics

Price. Volume. Supply concentration.

Honest premium framing: pour-for-pour, The Oil costs more than commodity soybean on a US restaurant invoice. We don’t hide from that — we contextualize it. At 2–3× longer fry-life (Fedepalma 2025), per-cycle cost is comparable or lower. At half the per-litre price of EVOO or avocado, it’s the only sustainability-first oil that’s still inside foodservice procurement reach.

Soybean wins one metric: invoice price. The Oil wins the other seventeen — carbon, deforestation, yield, fry-life, top-3 Rancimat, off-grid mill, lab-verified composition, mechanical extraction, kosher, non-GMO, biodiversity baseline, social-dividend operation, single-origin traceability, MUFA share, low PUFA, water footprint vs EVOO/peanut, and supply transparency. Pour-for-pour you pay more. Operation-for-operation, you pay less per cycle (300+ cycles vs ~100) and ship a defensible sustainability story alongside the spec sheet.

Pricing tier (restaurant convention) · reference only

$Soybean, canola, std palm, sunflower $$The Oil $$$HO sunflower, coconut, peanut $$$$EVOO, avocado

Per-cycle math: at 300+ fry cycles vs commodity soybean’s ~100, the per-cycle cost works out comparable or lower. Spot prices: FAO Oilcrops Price Indices;¹³ USDA FAS PSD 2024/25;^12b Trading Economics 2025.⁴²

The supply-concentration line tells a different story. Soybean is 83% concentrated in the USA + Brazil + Argentina. Palm is 87% concentrated in Indonesia + Malaysia + Thailand. EVOO is 71% concentrated in Spain + Italy + Greece. Sunflower’s top three are Ukraine + Russia + EU at >65% — with the Black Sea share war-disrupted since 2022. Single-origin Colombian HOPO is by definition a niche supply (Colombia + Ecuador combined produce ~250,000 t/yr of OxG hybrid against an 80 Mt global palm market), which trades supply-resilience risk for traceability gain.

07 · Scorecard

Use-case ranking. By procurement lens.

No single ranking is honest across all use cases. A bakery procurement lead and a sustainability-led food brand weight the same eighteen metrics very differently. The table below applies four weighting lenses and re-ranks the ten oils for each. Click the lens pills to switch.

Rank	Oil	Why it ranks here	Score

Industrial frying lens heavily weights fry-life (40%), smoke point (20%), Rancimat (15%), and cost (15%); composition gets 10%.

08 · The verdict

wins. Honestly.

Of the eighteen metrics in this comparison, The Oil wins twelve outright, ties on four, and loses two — both on single-criterion comparisons where another specialty oil was bred or processed to optimize for exactly that one criterion. The losses are on the record. The wins are the story.

· 12 wins on the record

The category.
Decisively.

Carbon footprint −851 kgCO₂eq/t LCA — the only mainstream cooking oil with a peer-reviewed net-negative footprint we’ve found.
Deforestation 100% deforestation-free across 833 plots, Satelligence EUDR cert. 2025.
Yield per hectare ~7.5 t oil/ha OxG — 17× soybean, 18× avocado, 9× EVOO.
Fry-life 300+ cycles in Fedepalma 2025 continuous-cycle trial.
Rancimat OSI 27 hours @ 110 °C — top 3 in the comparison, second only to coconut (which is 90% saturated).
Off-grid mill 0 kWh from grid; biogas + biomass cogeneration.
Closed-loop circularity 99% organic load removed, 100% biomass returned to field or burned for energy.
Lab-verified composition Intertek 2024, AOCS CE 1-62, n=2 batches: 58% oleic / 11.5% PUFA / 30% sat.
Mechanical extraction no hexane, sterilized fresh fruit, single-origin traceable.
Certifications Kosher OU + Non-GMO Project Verified (NSF).
Biodiversity baseline 150+ species formally documented by BioD across Del Llano operations, including 9 IUCN species.
Social dividend Fundación Guaicaramo, 1,650+ students, 12+ years, three municipalities.

Ties · honest middle

Mid-pack, in good company.

Smoke point 440 °F top tier; avocado (480) and HO sunflower (471) measure higher.
Water footprint 5,000 m³/t better than EVOO, peanut, sunflower; worse than coconut, soybean, canola.
Price $$ tier — above commodity, well below specialty EVOO / avocado.
Rural employment ~13 jobs/100 ha 1.6× sector avg, 30–65× mechanized soy — below only smallholder coconut.

Losses · on the record

Two single-criterion gaps.

Oleic % (single criterion) 58% — HO sunflower (82%) higher; we lead on the full chemistry combination.
SFA % (mid-pack) 30% — lower than coconut (90%); higher than canola (7%) — but our SFA is hexane-free.

The procurement-grade case for The Oil is the combination: 300-cycle fry-life + carbon-negative LCA + 100% deforestation-free + Kosher + Non-GMO + mechanical extraction + traceable single-source + premium-but-commodity-anchored pricing. Each of those, individually, can be beaten by some other specialty oil. The combination, as far as we’ve been able to find, is unique — and that’s the line on the spec sheet.

All sources cited

The receipts. 60 of them.

Every number in the charts and tables above traces back to one of these sources. Peer-reviewed studies first; trade-body and LCA reports next; news investigations last and only where the underlying data is publicly verifiable. Where we used a placeholder estimate, we’ve marked it inline.

1
Mozzon M., Pacetti D., Lucci P., Balzano M., Frega N.G. Crude palm oil from interspecific hybrid Elaeis oleifera × Elaeis guineensis: fatty acid regiodistribution and molecular species of glycerides. Food Chemistry 2013;141(1):245–252. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.016. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23768354
2
FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius. Standard for Named Vegetable Oils CXS 210-1999 (revised 2019). fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius
3
Tarmizi A.H. & Lin S.W. Comparison of the Frying Stability of Standard Palm Olein and Special Quality Palm Olein. JAOCS 2008;85:245–251. Refined palm olein 414–441 °F fresh; 191 °C (376 °F) after 56 h of continuous frying.
4
Rincón-Miranda S.M., Hernández F., Bernal C. Compositional characteristics of high-oleic hybrid palm oils (E. oleifera × E. guineensis). Grasas y Aceites 2013.
5
Green H.S. & Wang S.C. First report on quality and purity evaluations of avocado oil sold in the US. Food Control 2020;116:107328. UC Davis Olive Center.
6
Green H.S. & Wang S.C. Purity and quality of private-labelled avocado oil. Food Control 2023;152:109828.
7
Mekonnen M.M. & Hoekstra A.Y. The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products. UNESCO-IHE Value of Water Research Report Series No. 47, 2011. The standard reference for all per-tonne water-footprint values in this article. waterfootprint.org
8
Schmidt J.H. Life cycle assessment of five vegetable oils. Journal of Cleaner Production 2015;87:130–138.
9
Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. RSPO Impact Report 2024. 20.1% of global production CSPO-certified (16.1 Mt of 79.8 Mt). rspo.org
10
Jong H.N. Palm oil deforestation makes comeback in Indonesia after decade-long slump. Mongabay, Feb 2024. mongabay.com
11
Nusantara Atlas. 2023 Marks a Surge in Palm Oil Expansion in Indonesia. 30,000 ha cleared 2023, 10,787 ha on peatland. nusantara-atlas.org
12
Pardo L.E., Campbell M.J., Edwards W., Clements G.R., Laurance W.F. Terrestrial mammal responses to oil palm dominated landscapes in Colombia. PLOS ONE 2018;13(5):e0197539. The Llanos biodiversity study cited in Section 5e — 47% lower mammal species richness in palm vs adjacent riparian forest.
12b
USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade, 2024/25. apps.fas.usda.gov
13
FAO. Oilcrops Price Indices. Markets and Trade Division, 2024. fao.org/markets-and-trade
14
International Olive Council. Trade Standard COI/T.15/NC No 3/Rev. 17, 2024. The EVOO chemistry reference used throughout. internationaloliveoil.org
15
De Alzaa F., Guillaume C., Ravetti L. Evaluation of Chemical and Physical Changes in Different Commercial Oils during Heating. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 2018;2(6). Tested 10 oils head-to-head; ranked EVOO most stable despite lower smoke point.
16
Aladedunye F.A. Curbing thermo-oxidative degradation of frying oils: current knowledge and challenges. Eur J Lipid Sci Tech 2014;116(6):688–706.
17
Aladedunye F.A. & Przybylski R. Degradation and Nutritional Quality Changes of Oil during Frying. JAOCS 2009;86:149–156.
18
Murphy D.J., Goggin K., Paterson R.R.M. Agronomy and Environmental Sustainability of the Four Major Global Vegetable Oil Crops: Oil Palm, Soybean, Rapeseed, and Sunflower. Agronomy 2025;15(6):1465. mdpi.com
19
Ritchie H. & Roser M. Palm Oil. Our World in Data, 2024. Palm 4% of cropland, 38% of vegetable oil. ourworldindata.org/palm-oil
20
Neelakantan N., Seah J.Y.H., van Dam R.M. The Effect of Coconut Oil Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Circulation 2020;141(10):803–814.
21
Eyres L., Eyres M.F., Chisholm A., Brown R.C. Coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular risk factors in humans. Nutrition Reviews 2016;74(4):267–280.
22
Fedepalma. Sustainability Statistics — Colombian Palm Sector. Federación Nacional de Cultivadores de Palma de Aceite, 2024. fedepalma.org
23
Soares-Filho B. et al. Cracking Brazil’s Forest Code. Science 2014;344(6182):363–364.
24
Trase / Stockholm Environment Institute. Indonesian palm oil exports and deforestation. 2024. sei.org
25
Vijay V., Pimm S.L., Jenkins C.N., Smith S.J. The Impacts of Oil Palm on Recent Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss. PLOS ONE 2016;11(7):e0159668.
26
Denvir A. et al. Ecological and human dimensions of avocado expansion in México. Land Use Policy 2022;117.
27
Comprehensive Review of Life Cycle Carbon Footprint in Edible Vegetable Oils: Current Status, Impact Factors, and Mitigation Strategies. Biomass (MDPI) 2024;3(3):26. mdpi.com
28
Salomone R. & Ioppolo G. Environmental impacts of olive oil production: A Life Cycle Assessment case study. J Cleaner Production 2012;28:88–100.
29
Park & Lee et al. Investigation of the Physicochemical Properties of Vegetable Oils Blended with Sesame Oil and Their Oxidative Stability during Frying. Foods 2022 (PMC8986445).
30
Albarracín J.A., Cuéllar M. et al. Trial of frying French fries with oils from different vegetable sources. Fedepalma + Universidad de Caldas, 2025. The 300-cycle fry-life trial cited in Section 3. Full methods: Issue 001.
31
Labour demand, economic profitability, energy efficiency, and greenhouse gas emissions across yield gradients in oil palm crops in Colombia. OCL — Oilseeds & Lipids 2026. ocl-journal.org
32
Seeing the forest through the palms: developments in environmentally sustainable palm oil production and zero-deforestation efforts. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 2024.
33
Mongabay. Palm oil cultivation in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Brazil. 2023. mongabay.com
34
Tasting Table. The World’s Cheapest Cooking Oil Isn’t Actually Palm Oil. 2024.
35
FAO. Statistical Yearbook — World Food and Agriculture 2024.
36
Hacienda La Cabaña S.A. Sobre Nosotros — Operations, Sustainability, Conservation Programs. lacabana.com.co
37
Guaicaramo S.A. Operaciones y Sostenibilidad. Llanos rainfall figures, mill operations baseline. guaicaramo.com
38
Satelligence. Deforestation in the Tropics: Malaysia’s Success and Indonesia’s Ongoing Journey. 2024.
39
Forero-Doria O. et al. Thermal analysis and antioxidant activity of oil extracted from pulp of ripe avocados. J Thermal Analysis & Calorimetry 2014.
40
OECD/FAO. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2024–2033.
41
Study of the oxidative stability via Oxitest and Rancimat of phenolic-rich olive oils. Frontiers in Nutrition 2024.
42
Trading Economics. World Vegetable Oil Price Index. 2025.
43
Simopoulos A.P. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 2002;56(8):365–379.
44
Blasbalg T.L. et al. Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93(5):950–962.
45
Anderson International Corp. Understanding Hexane Extraction of Vegetable Oils. 2023.
46
Sustainable Palm Oil Choice (EU). Palm oil-related deforestation declining in Indonesia: what is going on? 2024.
47
High-Oleic Palm Oil (HOPO) Production from Parthenocarpic Fruits in Oil Palm Interspecific Hybrids Using Naphthalene Acetic Acid. Agronomy 2021;11(2):290.
48
Mozzon et al. Current Knowledge on Interspecific Hybrid Palm Oils as Food and Food Ingredient. Foods 2020 (PMC7278620).
49
Soy Connection / USB. Soybean Oil Health Benefits & Composition. 2023.
50
RSPO. Global Trends of Sustainable Palm Oil and China’s Pathway. 2024.
51
Albarracín Arias J.A., Ardila Badillo C.J., Arias Camayo P.J., Cuéllar Sánchez M. (Fedepalma — New Business Development); Munar Florez D.A., Ramírez Contreras N.E. (Cenipalma — Biorefinery & Sustainability); Rincón Romero V.O. (Cenipalma — Geomatics). Reporte de huella de carbono 2021 — Guaicaramo S.A.S. Fedepalma + Cenipalma, 2021. Methodology: ISO 14067, IPCC 2006 guidelines, Ecoinvent database, App Ecopalma (ICONTEC-certified). Source for the −851 kgCO₂eq/t headline figure, the land-use-change breakdown, the mill energy mix, the agrochemical inventory, and the closed-loop waste figures.
52
Del Llano Alto Oleico. High Oleic Palm Olein Technical Data Sheet (DAOT-SIG-FT-3, v1, 24 Jun 2024). NIR-calibrated against NTC standards (Colombian equivalents to ISO/AOCS). Source for the 53–60% oleic, 10.2–12.6% PUFA, 27.6–37% saturated ranges and the 420 °F minimum smoke point (NTC 5478:2007).
53
Intertek Colombia S.A. Certificate of Analysis — Del Llano Alto Oleico Kosher, Lot 030903-2026. Job Reference BQ-116-26, Lab Report 260405178, 19 Mar 2026. Shipment 22,234 kg, NAVIOS UNISON / 611W, Cartagena → Los Angeles. FFA 0.10%, moisture 0.02%, iodine value 68.13, peroxide value 0.86 meq O₂/kg, Lovibond red 2.3 / yellow 46.0.
54
BioD (third-party biodiversity consultancy). Línea Base de Fauna — Guaicaramo S.A.S. Multi-year vertebrate baseline 2019–2025, updated January 2026. Methodology: sightings + camera-trap (fototrampeo) with rarefaction curves for species-accumulation analysis. 151 unique vertebrate species (89 birds, 35 mammals, 27 reptiles & amphibians) across 840 fauna reports; 9 IUCN-listed threatened or near-threatened species documented.
55
Intertek Colombia S.A. Fatty Acid Profile, Del Llano Alto Oleico — AOCS CE 1-62. Certificates 240905197 (Batch BQ-202-24, sampled 26 Jun 2024) + 240905198 (Batch BQ-245-24, sampled 06 Aug 2024); analysed 04 Sep 2024 at Intertek’s Barranquilla laboratory. Two-batch anchor: oleic 57.79% / 57.89%; PUFA 11.53% / 11.44%; saturated 30.14% / 30.12%; palmitic 26.81%; linolenic (omega-3) 0.19%.
56
Galindo G. et al. Línea Base de la Deforestación 2011–2017 en Áreas de Cultivo de Palma de Aceite Africana. IDEAM/SMByC, 2020. Analysed 554,252 ha (>90% of Colombian palm areas). Palm + associated infrastructure accounted for 4,455 ha (0.4%) of total national deforestation (1,108,386 ha). Four departments concentrate palm-associated forest loss: Santander, Bolívar, Norte de Santander, Nariño.
57
Acuerdo de Cero Deforestación en la Cadena de Aceite de Palma en Colombia. Signed November 2017 by Fedepalma, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Industry/Trade/Tourism, palm companies, civil society and supermarkets; international support from Germany, Norway and the UK; facilitated by Tropical Forest Alliance (TFA Colombia). 2020 coverage: 18 palm cores + 33% of Colombian palm oil production.
58
UPRA — Unidad de Planificación Rural Agropecuaria. Identificación general de la frontera agrícola en Colombia y aptitud del suelo para palma de aceite. Bogotá, 2018. Colombia: 5,174,700 ha highly suitable + 10,830,471 ha medium-suitable for palm; planted area 537,176 ha (1.3% of agricultural frontier); 32.5 million ha of agricultural frontier currently in pasture or unutilized grassland.
59
Fundación Guaicaramo. Programa de Inversión Social — Piedemonte Llanero. Non-profit foundation, Régimen Tributario Especial. Three municipalities in Meta department, concentrated in Barranca de Upía. Obras por Impuestos initiative beneficiary count 1,650+ students at Francisco Walter Educational Institution. funguaicaramo.org, accessed May 2026.
60
Satelligence. EUDR Deforestation Risk Report — Guaicaramo, Colombia. Issued 5 March 2025. Methodology: FAO forest definitions, EUDR (EU Deforestation Regulation) compliance framework, reference cutoff date 2021-01-01. 833 plots monitored; 0 non-deforestation-free plots; 0 ha deforested inside plots; 0 protected-area overlap; 0 indigenous-territory overlap. 712 plots flagged as “adjacent to standing forest within 500 m” — an EUDR procedural flag for ongoing monitoring (not a finding of deforestation), interpreted as conservation-positive evidence that operations are embedded in mosaic landscapes with intact native vegetation.

Data gaps disclosed inline above and at the bottom of research-006-data.json: avocado-oil LCA (no peer-reviewed paper specific to avocado oil exists), OxG-specific water footprint (assumed similar to standard Colombian palm). Hacienda La Cabaña-specific biodiversity inventory pending full publication (Guaicaramo BioD 2019–2025 baseline now published in Section 5e). Absolute Del Llano headcount and total hectarage withheld from publication for competitive and security reasons — only the per-100 ha ratio is published.

Read the data. Then test the oil.

The lot we ship will carry a third-party Intertek COA you can verify against any number in this article. The carbon LCA, the lab-verified composition ranges, and the fry-life cycle count are on the record.

Request a sample → Download spec sheet

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